Name: Pathogens (305(b))
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Description: Pathogens are disease-causing microbes (bacteria, viruses and protozoa) that usually come from human or animal waste. They are the most commonly reported cause of water pollution nationwide, with over 10,300 waters identified. These microbes enter US waterways from both human-caused and natural sources, and can affect human and animal health as well as several beneficial uses. Pathogens reach the water directly in urban and suburban areas from wastewater treatment plants, sewer overflows, failing sewer lines, slaughterhouses and meat processing facilities; tanning, textile, and pulp and paper factories; fish and shellfish processing facilities; sewage dumped overboard from recreational boats; and pet waste, litter and garbage. Rural sources include livestock manure from barnyards, pastures, rangelands, feedlots, unfenced farm animals in streams, improper manure or sewage land application, poorly maintained manure storage, and wildlife sources such as geese, beaver and deer. The amount of microbes present, and thus the health risks they represent, can change rapidly due to factors such as rainfall and runoff from the sources mentioned above. Serious but rarely life-threatening illnesses are caused mainly by swallowing pathogen-contaminated water during swimming or other recreation, but can also come from skin contact with the water or eating contaminated fish or shellfish. Livestock, pet and wildlife illnesses can also occur. Besides causing illnesses, pathogens in waterways can cause significant economic losses due to beach closures, swimming and boating bans, and closures of shellfish harvest beds. When present in raw drinking water sources, they can be treated but require more advanced and expensive methods to disinfect and filter the water supply. People can help reduce pathogen contamination by never dumping animal or boat waste in a waterway, fixing leaky septic tanks, picking up pet waste, and avoiding manure application close to shorelines or drainage ditches.
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